Language, learning, identity, privilege

 Language, learning, identity, privilege

By JAMES SORIANO
August 24, 2011, 4:06am

MANILA, Philippines — English is the language of learning. I’ve known this since before I could go to school. As a toddler, my first study materials were a set of flashcards that my mother used to teach me the English alphabet.


My mother made home conducive to learning English: all my storybooks and coloring books were in English, and so were the cartoons I watched and the music I listened to. She required me to speak English at home. She even hired tutors to help me learn to read and write in English.


In school, I learned to think in English. We used English to learn about numbers, equations, and variables. With it, we learned about observation and inference, the moon and the stars, monsoons, and photosynthesis. With it, we learned about shapes and colors, about meter and rhythm. I learned about God in English, and I prayed to Him in English.


Filipino, on the other hand, was always the ‘other’ subject — almost a special subject like PE or Home Economics, except that it was graded the same way as Science, Math, Religion, and English. My classmates and I used to complain about Filipino all the time. Filipino was a chore, like washing the dishes; it was not the language of learning. It was the language we used to speak to the people who washed our dishes.

We used to think learning Filipino was important because it was practical: Filipino was the language of the world outside the classroom. It was the language of the streets: it was how you spoke to the tindera when you went to the tindahan, what you used to tell your katulong that you had an utos, and how you texted manong when you needed “sundo na.”


These skills were required to survive in the outside world because we are forced to relate with the tinderas and the manongs and the katulongs of this world. If we wanted to communicate to these people — or otherwise avoid being mugged on the jeepney — we needed to learn Filipino.

That being said though, I was proud of my proficiency with the language. Filipino was the language I used to speak with my cousins and uncles and grandparents in the province, so I never had much trouble reciting.


It was the reading and writing that were tedious and difficult. I spoke Filipino, but only when I was in a different world like the streets or the province; it did not come naturally to me. English was more natural; I read, wrote, and thought in English. And so, in much of the same way that I learned German, later on, I learned Filipino in terms of English. In this way, I survived Filipino in high school, albeit with too many sentences that had the preposition ‘ay.’

It was really only in university that I began to grasp Filipino in terms of language and not just dialect. Filipino was not merely a peculiar variety of language, derived and continuously borrowing from the English and Spanish alphabets; it was its own system, with its own grammar, semantics, sounds, even symbols.


But more significantly, it was its own way of reading, writing, and thinking. There are ideas and concepts unique to Filipino that can never be translated into another. Try translating bayanihan, tagay, kilig or diskarte.


Only recently have I begun to grasp Filipino as the language of identity: the language of emotion, experience, and even of learning. And with this comes the realization that I do, in fact, smell worse than a malansang isda. My own language is foreign to me: I speak, think, read and write primarily in English. To borrow the terminology of Fr. Bulatao, I am a split-level Filipino.


But perhaps this is not so bad in a society of rotten beef and stinking fish. For while Filipino may be the language of identity, it is the language of the streets. It might have the capacity to be the language of learning, but it is not the language of the learned.

It is neither the language of the classroom and the laboratory, nor the language of the boardroom, the courtroom, or the operating room. It is not the language of privilege. I may be disconnected from my being Filipino, but with a tongue of privilege, I will always have my connections.


So I have my education to thank for making English my mother language.

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Answer the following questions: 

1. Why do you think the article is entitled ''Language, learning, identify, privilege?''

2. How was the English Language described in the article?

3. Why do you think the author regards Filipino as the language of the streets and English as the language of the learned? Cite the author's reasons for coming with such conclusions.

4. Do you agree with the assertions made in the article about the Filipino language? Explain.

5. Why did the writer describe himself as worse than a ''malansang isda'' and a split-level Filipino?

6. Why do you think he considers English as his mother language?

7. Do you also consider English as your mother language? Why or why not?

8. Does the writer make a strong about the issue presented? How did he convince the reader to believe in his claims? 

Proofread Your Thesis

Proofread your thesis

    After you have finished your thesis, you will need to proofread it (multiple times) before you can present it to your committee. You have put a lot of work into your thesis, and you do not want an otherwise excellent work to fail because of grammar mistakes and typos. Also, catching our own typos and mistakes is so much harder than doing it with other people's writings. This is why this crucial part of your thesis can be the most challenging one. We have put together a few tips that can help you when proofreading your thesis.

1. Review your institution's guidelines

Before you have even started writing your thesis, you have most likely made yourself familiar with your institution's rules and guidelines on the format and style of your thesis. Make sure you double check the guidelines for the general layout including:

• paper size and margins
• running head
• page numbering
• line spacing
• title page

    You might be following the Harvard, APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association) or some other citation style. Take time to read through the guidelines again and keep them in the back of your mind when reviewing and proofreading your thesis.

2. Take a break before you read anything

    This is probably our most important piece of advice. Give yourself some time before you start proofreading your thesis. It would be best if you could stay away from it for a couple of weeks and then come back to it. Taking some space from your thesis will give you time to clear your mind and approach it from a fresh perspective when you come back to it. You will be able to see things you did not see before.

3. Determine your proofreading method

    Some people like to proofread their thesis on screen, others like to print it out and read it on paper. Whichever method you choose, be aware that you can't read it all at once, so while you're still in the planning process, make a realistic plan of which parts to read when and how much to read at a time.

4. Use online tools

    There are some online software tools out there that can greatly help you with your proofreading work. Some of them are even free. You can use tools like Grammarly or Proofread Bot for proofreading or Readable.com or Slickwrite to critique your grammar and writing. A quick Google search will show you that there are dozens of (better or worse) tools out there that can help you with your thesis!

5. Read your thesis in a different order

    Read your work backward or in a random order. Supposedly, this works better than reading it through from the beginning, as your brain knows what you meant to write, so you tend to skip over errors when reading forwards.

6. Read your thesis out loud

    Read your work aloud to yourself. This way you'll have to read each word individually in a slower pace, which will increase your chances to find typos and errors.

7. Reach out to your peers

    As an additional piece of advice, Pat Thomson suggests in her blog to set up a proofreading deal with a friend. Two heads are better than one and you can help each other to find typos and grammar mistakes.

Context clues and Word Structure

 

Structure of a Specific Academic Text/Reading and Analyzing Academic Text

Hello, learners. In this session we will be discussing the four macro skills and the two categories of language skills : 

When we learn a language, there are four skills that we need for complete communication. When we learn our native language, we usually learn to listen first, then to speak, then to read, and finally to write. These are called the four "language skills":

The four macro skills 

The four language skills are related to each other in two ways:

• the direction of communication (in or out)
• the method of communication (spoken or written)

Input is sometimes called "reception" and output is sometimes called "production". Spoken is also known as "oral".

Note that these four language skills are sometimes called the "macro-skills". This is in contrast to the "micro-skills", which are things like grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

A. LISTENING- is receiving language through the ears. Listening involves identifying the sounds of speech and processing them into words and sentences.

B. SPEAKING- is the delivery of language through the mouth. To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips.

C. READING- is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them.

D. WRITING- is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.

TWO CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE SKILLS

RECEPTIVE SKILLS -has something to do with how you interpret what your senses received.	PRODUCTIVE SKILLS -allow you to produce something that you want to communicate to others.
Listening	Writing
Reading ANALYZING ACADEMIC TEXT TWO STRATEGIES 1. Using Context Clues 2. Analyzing word structure ================================================================================= 1. USING CONTEXT CLUES I. Context Clues •          are the words or sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word that give hints on its meaning •          used to guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word; a strategy to improves one's reading skill.   Example: Piscatorial creatures, such as lounder, salmon, and trout, live in the coldest parts of the ocean. “Piscatorial” obviously refers to fish. The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched the dreary whistling of the wind in the all but-deserted cemetery. “Lugubrious” which means sorrowful, fits into the mood set by the words “wails,” “dreary”, and “deserted cemetery.”   II. Synonym or Definition Clues •          the meaning of an unfamiliar word is given in the sentence if a similar word is also used to make the meaning clearer. •          Signal words for synonym clues are or, in other words, that is, by this we mean, that is to say, and also known as.   Example: Caught in an epiphany, that is, a sudden, strong, and clear realization, I suddenly knew how to solve my dilemma. The word epiphany is defined as “a sudden, strong and clear realization” with the signal word “that is” as a hint.   III. Antonym or Contrast Clues •          the meaning of an unfamiliar word is given in the sentence if an opposite word is used to suggest the meaning. •          Signal words for antonym clues are but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, yet, and ij contrast.   Example: Jogging long distance exacerbates the pain in my feet. However, soaking my feet in warm water after jogging feels relaxing and soothing. Exacerbates means “to aggravate” or “increase the pain”; the signal word however signifies opposite.   IV. General Clues •          making sense of a word's meaning by largely depending on your common sense requires you to use your knowledge and experience.   Example: Paul knew he just made a cultural faux pas when he kissed the Muslim woman on the cheek and he was met with a dead, stunned stare. (If you have a prior knowledge about the Muslim culture, you would know that it is conservative in the sense that there should be no physical contact between people of the opposite gender.) Faux Pas refers to committing a mistake or an unacceptable action. Dead, stunned stare is an indicator that the action of kissing is not acceptable based on your prior knowledge and that this expression is a mark of displeased behavior or reaction.   2. WORD STRUCTURE •     composed of three parts a. Prefix b. Root word c. Suffix Example: Unisolated Un (prefix) isolate (root word) -ed (suffix) •          the parts of a word in English have meanings based on their origin, which could be Latin, Greek, and French, to name a few. PREFIX       -    are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning –        to attach before a word –        Pre means “before” fix “to attach” –        there are negative prefixes such as un-, non-, on-, and dis- –        show location such as tele-, sub-, and trans- –        show numbers or amounts such as mono-, bi-, multi-, and deca- Examples: NEGATIVE WORDS WORDS THAT TELL LOCATION WORDS THAT CONNOTE NUMBERS Unhappy, Nonfact, incorrect Subterranean, international, transatlantic Monolingual, bicycle, multifaceted, decagon    SUFFIX –        usually change a word from one form or part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, and adjective) to another form. –        A verb can become a noun when you add suffix Example: memory-nour memorable-verb   NOUN SUFFIXES VERB SUFFIXES ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES -ance, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ive, -ment, -ness, -ship, -tion, -tude, -er, -ist -ize, -ify, -ate, -en -ful, -ious, -ous, -ate, -y, al, ic, ish, ive, -able, -ible, -less, -ed   F. Root Word •          root word in modern English are easy to spot. Examples: Aimless- aim Unloved- loved Joyful- joy •          however, many root words in English that originated from Latin, Greek and other languages are difficult to spot. G. Denotation •          refers to the real meaning of a word. Example: Snake- is “betrayal, evil, or danger” I. Connotation  •  refers to implied meaning Example:  ''This heart of mine is yours now and forever.''                    (Does one really take out his or her heart and give it to someone else?)	Speaking

What is Communication?

 

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? 

           ''Communication is a systematic process through which individuals interact through symbols to create and interpret meaning.'' It involves at least seven elements : source, message, encoding, communication channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Models of communication are linear. Communication may be verbal or nonverbal. 

           Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, or oral communication; writing and graphical representations (such as info graphics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behavior. More simply, communication is said to be "the creation and exchange of meaning." 

How can I communicate effectively?

             Before preparing your message, whether it's going to be in person one-on-one, in front of an audience, over the phone, or done in writing, consider the audience who'll be receiving your information, the context, and your means to convey it. What way will be the most effective? What will you have to do to ensure it's conveyed properly? What do you want to make sure that you don't convey?

            If it's important and going to be relayed in a professional context, maybe you'll practice beforehand, prepare slides and graphics, and pick out professional attire so that your appearance or mannerisms don't distract from your message. If it's a written message you're preparing, you'll likely want to proofread, make sure the recipient's name is spelled correctly and read it aloud to find dropped words or clunky phrasing before sending it.  

The Basic Elements of Communication Process

The Communication Process

                   The term communication process refers to the exchange of information (a message) between two or more people. For communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange information and understand each other. If the flow of information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then communication fails.

                    The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information — a command, request, question, or idea — that he or she wants to present to others. For that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood, such as by the use of a common language or industry jargon, and then transmit it.

The Sender

              The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. To comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it. 

The Message

                  The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. Additional subtext can be conveyed through body language and tone of voice. Put all three elements together — sender, receiver, and message — and you have the communication process at its most basic.

The Medium

                 Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted through the medium of cell phones.

The Feedback

                 The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood. The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response (indirect).

Other Factors

                   The communication process isn't always so simple or smooth, of course. These elements can affect how information is transmitted, received, and interpreted:

•                Noise: This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood. It can be as literal as static over a phone line or radio or as esoteric as misinterpreting a local custom.

•               Context: This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful exchange of information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it. In a private conversation with a trusted friend, you would share more personal information or details about your weekend or vacation, for example, than in a conversation with a work colleague or in a meeting.

The Importance of Communication Skills

                     Having strong communication skills aids in all aspects of life – from professional life to personal life and everything that falls in between. From a business standpoint, all transactions result from communication. Good communication skills are essential to allow others and yourself to understand information more accurately and quickly.

LET'S WATCH AND LISTEN A VIDEO CLIP BELOW ''CATRIONA GRAY - TONIGHT WITH BOY ABUNDA''

                              

  

How to Improve Your Communication Skills

Here are some pointers to look out for when looking to improve your ability to effectively communicate with others:

1. Listening

To become a good communicator, it is important to be a good listener. It is important to practice active listening – pay close attention to what others are saying and clarify ambiguities by rephrasing their questions for greater understanding.

2. Conciseness

Convey your message in as few words as possible. Do not use filler words and get straight to the point. Rambling will cause the listener to tune out or be unsure of what you are talking about. Avoid speaking excessively and do not use words that may confuse the audience.

3. Body language

It is important to practice good body language, use eye contact, utilize hand gestures, and watch the tone of the voice when communicating with others. A relaxed body stance with a friendly tone will aid in making you look approachable by others.

Eye contact is important in communication – look the person in the eye to indicate that you are focused on the conversation. But make sure to not stare at the person as it can make him or her uncomfortable.

4. Confidence

Be confident in what you say and in your communication interactions with others. Being confident can be as easy as maintaining eye contact, maintaining a relaxed body stance, and talking with concision. Try not to make statements sound like questions and avoid trying to sound aggressive or demeaning.

5. Open-mindedness

In situations where you disagree with what someone else has to say, whether it be with an employer, a co-worker, or a friend, it is important to sympathize with their point of view rather than simply try to get your message across. Respect the opinion of others and never resort to demeaning those who do not agree with you.

6. Respect

Respecting what others have to say and acknowledging them is an important aspect of communication. Being respectful can be as simple as paying attention to what they have to say, using the person’s name, and not being distracted. By respecting others, the other person will feel appreciated, which will lead to a more honest and productive conversation.

7. Using the correct medium

There are several different forms of communication to use – it is important to choose the right one. For example, communicating in person about serious matters (layoffs, salary changes, etc.) is more appropriate than sending an email regarding the matter.

REFERENCE : PHEONIX AND DIWA PUBLISHING